BBN3402SATU2020: MINGGU5 JADUAL EDITED

HIDAYAH

194151

Struktur Makro

Makna global daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati

daripada topik/tema suatu teks

Superstruktur

Kerangka suatu teks seperti bahagian pendahuluan,

isi, penutup dan kesimpulan

Struktur Mikro

Makna lokal daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati

Daripada pilihan kata, kalimat dan gaya yang dipakai oleh suatu teks

Rajah 1 : Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh vanDijk (1977)

Macro Structure

Global meaning of a replaceable text

from a text topic/theme

Superstructure

A frame of a text such as the advance section,

content, cover and conclusion

Structure Micro

The meaning of the locality of a replaceable text

from the choice of words, formats and styles worn by a text

Figure 1: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)

Macro Structure

~~Global meaning of a replaceable text~~

~~from a text topic~~ The global meaning of a text can be observed from the topic/~~theme~~ theme of a text

Superstructure

~~A frame of a text such as the advance section,~~ The framework of a text such as the introduction,

content, cover and conclusion

Structure Micro

~~The meaning of the locality of a replaceable~~ Local meaning of an observable text

from the choice of words, ~~formats and styles worn by a text~~ sentences and styles used by a text

Figure 1: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)

Macro Structure

The global meaning of a text can be observed from the topic / theme of a text

Superstructure

The framework of a text such as the introduction, content, conclusion and conclusion

Structure Micro

Local meaning of an observable text From the choice of words, sentences and styles used by a text

Figure 1: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)

Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis (Fairclough, 1995)

Analisis Tekstual

Tatabahasa

· Tema

Leksikal

· Metafora

Kohesi

· Pengulangan

· Konjunsi

Analisis Wacana Praktis

Intertektualiti

· Pra-andaian

· Metawacana

· Penafian

Interdiskusi

· Naratif

· Perbahasan

· Ekspositori

· Luahan (expressive)

Analisis Praktis Sosial

Ekonomi

Pendidikan

Politik

Rajah 2: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh Fairclough (1995)

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

Textual Analysis

Grammar

· Theme

Lexical

· Metaphore

Cohesion

· Repitition

· Conjunction

Practical Discourse Analysis

Intertextuality

· Pre-assumptions

· Metadiscoursal

· Denial of Interdiscussion

· Narrative

· Debate

· Expository

· Expression

Practical Social Analysis

Economy

Education

Politics

Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

Textual Analysis

Grammar

· Theme

Lexical

· Metaphore

Cohesion

· Repitition

· Conjunction

Practical Discourse Analysis

Intertextuality

· Pre-assumptions

· Metadiscoursal

· Denial of ~~Interdiscussion~~ Underdiscussing

· Narrative

· Debate

· Expository

· Expression

Practical Social Analysis

Economy

Education

Politics

Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

Textual Analysis

Grammar

· Theme

Lexical

· Metaphore

Cohesion

· Repitition

· Conjunction

Practical Discourse Analysis

Intertextuality

· Pre-assumptions

· Metadiscoursal

· Denial of Underdiscussing

· Narrative

· Debate

· Expository

· Expression

Practical Social Analysis

Economy

Education

Politics

Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

STRATEGI KESOPANAN

Bald on-record

Contoh:

Bersedia!

Dengar sini…

Berikan saya bakul besar itu.

Lampu itu berwarna hijau.

Jemput masuk.

Jemput makan.

Kesopanan Positif

Contoh: Kamu nampak sugul. Boleh saya

tolong?

Boleh saya pinjam serratus ringgit?

Saya ikut kamu ke hospital, jika kamu tidak

keberatan

Kesopanan Negatif

Mungkin dia yang mengambil kotak itu,

mungkin!

Tolong berikan saya pinggan putih itu.

Kalau begitu, sedikit arahan tidak diperlukan?

Membuang botol kosong merata-rata tidak

dibenarkan.

Off-record

Wah, semakin sejuk dalam bilik ini.

Mahal betul harga kasut di sini.

Cantik baju kamu.

Rajah 3: Strategi Kesopanan oleh Brown & Levinson (1987)

POLITENESS STRATEGIES

Bald on-record

Example:

Ready!

Listen here…

Give me that big basket.

That lamp is green.

Invite to come in.

Invite to eat.

Positive Politeness

Example: You look sad Can I help you?

Can I borrow one hundred dollars?

I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't mind

Negative Politeness

Maybe he took the box,

maybe!

Please give me the white plate

If so, a little instruction is not needed?

Throwing empty bottles everywhere

is not allowed

Off-record

Wow, it's getting cold in this room

The price of shoes here is really expensive

Your clothes are beautiful

Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)

POLITENESS STRATEGIES

Bald on-record

Example:

Ready!

Listen here…

Give me that big basket.

That lamp is green.

~~Invite to~~ Please come in.

~~Invite to~~ Please come eat.

Positive Politeness

Example: You look sad ~~Can~~ may I help you?

~~Can~~ May I borrow one hundred dollars?

I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't mind

Negative Politeness

Maybe he took the box,

maybe!

Please give me the white plate

If so, a little instruction is not needed?

Throwing empty bottles everywhere

is not allowed

Off-record

Wow, it's getting cold in this room

The price of ~~shoes here is~~ of these shoes are really expensive

Your clothes are beautiful

Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)

POLITENESS STRATEGIES

Bald on-record

Example:

Ready!

Listen here…

Give me that big basket.

That lamp is green.

Please come in.

Please come eat

Positive Politeness

Example: You look sad, may I help you

May I borrow one hundred dollars?

I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't mind

Negative Politeness

Maybe he took the box,

maybe!

Please give me the white plate

So, a little instruction is not needed?

Throwing empty bottles everywhere

is not allowed

Off-record

Wow, it's getting cold in this room

The price of these shoes is really expensive

Your clothes are beautiful

Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)

Pendekatan Analisis Wacana

(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)

PRA-ANDAIAN

1. Intuisi

2. Konteks

· Penerimaan/

Penafian

· Keperluan

· Perujukan

· Anafora

· Pengulangan

· Kekaburan

· Penegasan

EMOSI

1. Positif

2. Negatif

3. 3.Emosi

Bercampur

· Perangai

· Personaliti

· Mood

· Motivasi

NILAI DAN BUDAYA

1. Diri

2. Masyarakat

3. Adat

· Jujur, ikhlas, baik hati, kasih saying, kerajinan, kesyukuran, kesederhanaan

· Berdikari, hemah tinggi, keberanian, kebersihan fizikal dan mental, kesantunan

· Hormat menghormati, kerjasama, semangat bermasyarakat

· Keadilan, kebebasan, rasional

BAHASA

1. Bahasa pertama/kedua/ketiga

2. Formal/tidak formal

3. Kesalahan Bahasa

4. Linguistik

INFERENS

1. Rumusan

keseluruhan

2. Rumusan topik perbincangan

3. Penutup kata

Rajah 4: Pendekatan Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)

Discourse Analysis Approach

(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)

PREASSUMPTION

1. Intuition

2. Context

· Acception/

Denial

· Requirement

· Referral

· Anaphore

· Repitition

· Ambiguity

· Confirmation

EMOTION

1. Positive

2. Negative

3. Mixed

Emotion

· Temperament

· Personality

· Mood

· Motivation

VALUES AND CULTURE

1. Self

2. Community

3. Custom

· Honest, sincere, kind, loving, craftsmanship, gratitude, simplicity

· Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage, physical and mental hygiene, effects

· Respect, cooperation, community spirit

· Justice, freedom, rationality

LANGUAGE

1. First language/second/third

2. Formal/informal

3. Language error

4. Linguistics

INFERENCE

1. Overal summary

2. Topics discussion summary

3. Word cover

Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim’s Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)

Discourse Analysis Approach

(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)

PREASSUMPTION

3. Intuition

4. Context

· Acception/

Denial

· Requirement

· Referral

· ~~Anaphore~~ Anaphora

· Repitition

· Ambiguity

· Confirmation

EMOTION

4. Positive

5. Negative

6. Mixed

Emotion

· Temperament

· Personality

· Mood

· Motivation

VALUES AND CULTURE

4. Self

5. Community

6. Custom

· Honest, sincere, kind, loving, craftsmanship, gratitude, simplicity

· Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage, physical and mental hygiene, effects

· Respect, cooperation, community spirit

· Justice, freedom, rationality

LANGUAGE

5. First language/second/third

6. Formal/informal

7. Language error

8. Linguistics

INFERENCE

4. Overal summary

5. Topics discussion summary

6. Word cover

Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim’s Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)

Discourse Analysis Approach

(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)

PREASSUMPTION

5. Intuition

6. Context

· Acceptation/

Denial

· Requirement

· Referral

· Anaphora

· Repetition

· Ambiguity

· Confirmation

EMOTION

7. Positive

8. Negative

9. Mixed

Emotion

· Temperament

· Personality

· Mood

· Motivation

VALUES AND CULTURE

7. Self

8. Community

9. Traditions

· Honest, sincere, kind, loving, craftsmanship, gratitude, simplicity

· Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage, physical and mental hygiene, effects

· Respect, cooperation, community spirit

· Justice, freedom, rationality

LANGUAGE

9. First language/second/third

10. Formal/informal

11. Language error

12. Linguistics

INFERENCE

7. Overall summary

8. Topics discussion summary

9. Word cover

Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim’s Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)

Teori Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim 2018d)

Kandungan

1. Tema

Konteks

1. Tatabahasa

2. Latar

3. Emois

Andaian

1. Pendapat

2. Perujukan

3. Persoalan

Rajah 5: Teori Analisis Wacana

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim 2018d)

Content

1. Theme

Context

1. Grammar

2. Background

3. Emotion

Assumption

1. Opinion

2. Referral

3. Problem

Figure 5: Discourse Analysis Theory

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim 2018d)

Content

2. Theme

Context

4. Grammar

5. Background

6. Emotion

Assumption

4. Opinion

5. Referral

6. ~~Problem~~ Issues

Figure 5: Discourse Analysis Theory

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim 2018d)

Content

3. Theme

Context

7. Grammar

8. Background

9. Emotion

Assumption

7. Opinion

8. Referral

9. Issues

Figure 5: Discourse Analysis Theory

Jadual 2: Konteks dalam Model Penceritaan Nilai Sosial Melalui Cerita Kanak-kanak

Judul	Tatabahasa	Latar	Emosi
Keluarga	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, rindu,
Diri	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Dalam dan luar rumah, sekolah	Gembira
Saya yang Istimewa	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa
Saya Tahu	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Dalam atau luar rumah	Hiba, sedih, simpati
Saya Faham	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah, sekolah ataupun di tempat awam	Gembira, simpati, ambil berat

Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model through Children's Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotion
Family	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Mother and father's house	Happy, longing,
Self	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
I am Special	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Mother and father's house
I Know	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Inside or outside the house	Hiba, sad, sympathy
I Understand	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Home, school or in a public place	Happy, sympathy, caring

Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model through Children's Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotion
Family	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	~~Mother and father's~~ Parent’s house	Happy, longing,
Self	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
I am Special	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Mother and father's house
I Know	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Inside or outside the house	~~Hiba,~~ sad, sympathy
I Understand	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Home, school or in a public place	Happy, sympathy, caring

Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotion
Family	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Parent's house	Happy, longing,
Self	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
I am Special	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Mother and father's house
I Know	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Inside or outside the house	sad, sympathy
I Understand	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Home, school or in a public place	Happy, sympathy, caring

Jadual 3 : Kandungan dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul	Teks	Tema	Sampel/Bahan	Jenis
Nenek dan Datuk	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Saya yang Istimewa	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Keluarga	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Hati	Cerita pendek	Kemasyarakatan	Ibu, cikgu, Alim, rakan- rakan	Penceritaan
Jiran	Cerita pendek	Kejiranan	Ibu, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Penceritaan

Title	Texts	Theme	Samples/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
I'm a Special One	Short story	Family	Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Hearts	Short story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbors	Short story	Neighborhood	Mother, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

Title	Texts	Theme	Samples/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	~~Grandparents~~Grandmother, ~~grandparents~~grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
I'm a Special One	Short story	Family	~~Grandparents~~Grandmother, ~~grandparents~~grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Hearts	Short story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbors	Short story	Neighborhood	Mother, Madina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

Title	Texts	Theme	Samples/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
I'm a Special One	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Hearts	Short story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbors	Short story	Neighborhood	Mother, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

Jadual 4: Konteks dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul	Tatabahasa	Latar	Emosi
Nenek dan Datuk	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Kampung nenek dan datuk	Gembira, rindu, sedih, marah, keliru, puas hati
Saya yang Istimewa	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, puas hati, sedih
Keluarga	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, resah
Hati	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Sekolah, rumah, jiran	Gembira
Jiran	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu bapa dan jiran	Gembira, simpati, ambil berat, sedih

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotions
Grandmother and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Grandparent village and grandparents	Happy, missed, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
I'm a Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and father's house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and father's house	Happy, restrecked
Hearts	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Schools, homes, neighbors	Happy
Neighbors	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parents and neighbouring homes	Happy, sympathy, caring, sad

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotions
Grandmother and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including ~~special~~ special-need children	~~Grandparent~~ Grandparent’s village ~~and grandparents~~	Happy, ~~missed~~ longing, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
I'm a Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including ~~special~~ special-need children	~~Mother and father's~~ Parent’s house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including ~~special~~ special-need children	~~Mother and father's~~ Parent’s house	Happy, ~~restrecked~~ anxious
Hearts	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including ~~special~~ special-need children	~~Schools, homes, neighbors~~ School, house and neighbour’s house	Happy
Neighbors	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including ~~special~~ special-need children	~~Parents and neighbouring homes~~ Parent’s and neighbour’s house	Happy, sympathy, caring, sad

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotions
Grandmother and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Grandparent’s village	Happy, longing, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
I'm a Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Parent’s house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Parent’s house	Happy, anxious
Hearts	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	School, house, neighbor’s house	Happy
Neighbors	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Parent’s house and neighbour’s house	Happy, sympathy, caring, sad

Jadual 5 : Senarai Nilai Sosial dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul Cerita Sosial	Nilai Sosial
Nenek dan Datuk	Kasih saying, ambil berat, rasional, tanggungjawab, ikhlas, jujur, baik hati, kekeluargaan, sabar
Saya yang Istimewa	Baik hati, ikhlas, tolong menolong, ambil berat, tanggungjawab
Keluarga Saya	Baik hati, sabra, tolong menolong, ikhlas, ambil berat, rajin, usaha, tanggungjawab, rasional
Hati	Baik hati, kasih saying, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, berkongsi, berterima kasih, hormat menghormati, rajin
Jiran	Baik hati, tanggungjawab, kasih saying, rasional, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, yakin, kejiranan

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Social Story Title	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, to be honest, kindness, family, patience
I'm a Special One	Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility
My Family	Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Hearts	Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbors	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Social Story Title	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, ~~to be honest~~ honesty, kindness, family, patience
I'm a Special One	Kindness, sincere, ~~help~~ helping one another, take care, responsibility
My Family	Kindness, ~~patient~~ patience, ~~help~~ helping one another, ~~sincere~~ sincerity, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Hearts	Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, ~~share~~ sharing among one another, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbors	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, ~~sincere~~ sincerity, ~~honest~~ honesty, ~~confident~~ confidence, neighborhood

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Social Story Title	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerity, honesty, kindness, family, patience
I'm a Special One	Kindness, sincere, helping one another, caring, responsibility
My Family	Kindness, patience, helping one another, sincerity, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Hearts	Kindness, love, caring, sincerity, honesty, sharing among one another, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbors	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincerity, honesty, confidence, neighborhood

Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Strategi Pengelakan atau Pengurangan

1. pengabaian/peninggalan mesej

2. pengelakan topik

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

Pencapaian atau Strategi Pampasan

3. Parafrasa (Circumlocution)

4. Penghampiran

5. Penggunaan perkataan semua tujuan

6. Cipta perkataan baharu (Word-coinage)

7. Penstrukturan semula/Penggunaan kaedah bukan bahasa (Use of non

linguistic means)

8. Terjemahan literal

9. Pengantarabangsaan

10. Pertukaran kod

11. Meminta pertolongan, penjelasan, pengesahan atau membuat tekaan/

Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

Penangguhan atau Strategi Tambahan Waktu

12. Penggunaan perkataan yang tiada makna/Use of filters/strategi penanda (hesitation devices)

Rajah 7 : Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Taxonomy of Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Evokation or Reduction Strategy

1. Omission/Omission of message

2. Evocate topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

3. Paraphrasing (Circumlocution)

4. Apprehension

5. Use of all-purpose words

6. Create words (Word-coinage)

7. Restructuring/ Use of non-language methods (Use of non linguistic means)

8. Literal translation

9. Internationalization

10. Change of code

11. Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses / Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

12. Use of words without meaning/ Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices)

Figure 7: Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Taxonomy of Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Evokation or Reduction Strategy

13. Omission/Omission of message

14. Evocate topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

15. Paraphrasing (Circumlocution)

16. Apprehension

17. Use of all-purpose words

18. Create words (Word-coinage)

19. Restructuring/ Use of non-language methods (Use of non linguistic means)

20. Literal translation

21. Internationalization

22. Change of code

23. Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses / Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

24. Use of words without meaning/ Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices)

Figure 7: Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Taxonomy of Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Evokation or Reduction Strategy

25. Omission/Omission of message

26. Evocate topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

27. Paraphrasing (Circumlocution)

28. Apprehension

29. Use of all-purpose words

30. Create words (Word-coinage)

31. Restructuring/ Use of non-language methods (Use of non linguistic means)

32. Literal translation

33. Internationalization

34. Change of code

35. Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses / Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

36. Use of words without meaning/ Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices)

Figure 7: Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Jadual 6 : Strategi Komunikasi

Strategi Komunikasi

Frekuensi

1 Singkatan

2 Perkataan baharu tiada makna

3 Penafian/Percanggahan

4 Persoalan

5 Pengulangan

6 Perujukan

7 Pembetulan kendiri

8 Topik berlainan/pengabaian mesej

9 Celahan

10 Penangguhan

11 Terjemahan literal

12 Pertukaran bahasa

13 Imaginasi

14 Kesopanan

15 Parafrasa

16 Meminta pertolongan

Table 6 : Strategy Communication

	Communication Strategy	Frequency
1	Abbreviation	15
2	New words no meaning	4
3	Disclaimer/Contradictions	10
4	Question	6
5	Repetition	8
6	Persuasion	13
7	Self-correction	5
8	Different topics/message ignorance	4
9	Interstitial	8
10	Delay	6
11	Literal translation	4
12	Language changes	4
13	Imagination	5
14	Modesty	4
15	Paraphrasing	4
16	Ask for help	4

Table 6 : Strategy Communication

	Communication Strategy	Frequency
17	Abbreviation	15
18	New words no meaning	4
19	Disclaimer/Contradictions	10
20	Question	6
21	Repetition	8
22	Persuasion	13
23	Self-correction	5
24	Different topics/message ignorance	4
25	Interstitial	8
26	Delay	6
27	Literal translation	4
28	Language changes	4
29	Imagination	5
30	Modesty	4
31	Paraphrasing	4
32	Ask for help	4

Table 6 : Strategy Communication

	Communication Strategy	Frequency
33	Abbreviation	15
34	New words without meaning	4
35	Disclaimer/Contradictions	10
36	Question	6
37	Repetition	8
38	Persuasion	13
39	Self-correction	5
40	Different topics/message ignorance	4
41	Interstitial	8
42	Delay	6
43	Literal translation	4
44	Language changes	4
45	Imagination	5
46	Modesty	4
47	Paraphrasing	4
48	Ask for help	4

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