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Macro Structure The global meaning of a text can be observed from the topic / theme of a text

Superstructure The framework of a text such as the introduction, content, conclusion and conclusion

Structure Micro Local meaning of an observable text From the choice of words, sentences and styles used by a text

Figure 1: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis   Grammar ·        Theme Lexical ·        Metaphore Cohesion ·        Repitition ·        Conjunction	Practical Discourse Analysis   Intertextuality ·        Pre-assumptions ·        Metadiscoursal ·        Denial of Underdiscussing ·        Narrative ·        Debate ·        Expository ·        Expression	Practical Social Analysis   Economy Education Politics

Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

POLITENESS STRATEGIES
Bald on-record   Example: Ready! Listen here… Give me that big basket. That lamp is green. Please come in. Please come eat	Positive Politeness   Example: You look sad, may I help you May I borrow one hundred dollars? I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't mind
Negative Politeness   Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white plate So, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed	Off-record   Wow, it's getting cold in this room The price of these shoes is really expensive Your clothes are beautiful

Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

 

 

Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PREASSUMPTION 1.      Intuition 2.      Context ·         Acceptation/ Denial ·         Requirement ·         Referral ·         Anaphora ·         Repetition ·         Ambiguity ·         Confirmation	EMOTION 1.      Positive 2.      Negative 3.      Mixed Emotion ·         Temperament ·         Personality ·         Mood ·         Motivation	VALUES AND CULTURE 1.      Self 2.      Community 3.      Traditions ·         Honest, sincere, kind, loving, craftsmanship, gratitude, simplicity ·         Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage, physical and mental hygiene, effects ·         Respect, cooperation, community spirit ·         Justice, freedom, rationality	LANGUAGE 1.      First language/second/third 2.      Formal/informal 3.      Language error 4.      Linguistics	INFERENCE 1.      Overall summary 2.      Topics discussion summary 3.      Word cover

Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim’s Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)

 

 

 

 

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim 2018d)
Content 1.      Theme	Context 1.      Grammar 2.      Background 3.      Emotion	Assumption 1.      Opinion 2.      Referral 3.      Issues

Figure  5: Discourse Analysis Theory

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotion
Family	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Parent's house	Happy, longing,
Self	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
I am Special	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Mother and father's house
I Know	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Inside or outside the house	sad, sympathy
I Understand	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Home, school or in a public place	Happy, sympathy, caring

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Title	Texts	Theme	Samples/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
I'm a Special One	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Hearts	Short story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbors	Short story	Neighborhood	Mother, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotions
Grandmother and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Grandparent’s village	Happy, longing, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
I'm a Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Parent’s house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Parent’s house	Happy, anxious
Hearts	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	School, house, neighbor’s house	Happy
Neighbors	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Parent’s house and neighbour’s house	Happy, sympathy, caring, sad

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Social Story Title	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerity, honesty, kindness, family, patience
I'm a Special One	Kindness, sincere, helping one another, caring, responsibility
My Family	Kindness, patience, helping one another, sincerity, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Hearts	Kindness, love, caring, sincerity, honesty, sharing among one another, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbors	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincerity, honesty, confidence, neighborhood

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Taxonomy of Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Evokation or Reduction Strategy

1.      Omission/Omission of message

2.      Evocate topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

3.      Paraphrasing (Circumlocution)

4.      Apprehension

5.      Use of all-purpose words

6.      Create words (Word-coinage)

7.      Restructuring/ Use of non-language methods (Use of non linguistic means)

8.      Literal translation

9.      Internationalization

10.  Change of code

11.  Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses / Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

12.   Use of words without meaning/ Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices)

 

Figure 7: Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 6 : Strategy Communication

	Communication Strategy	Frequency
1	Abbreviation	15
2	New words without meaning	4
3	Disclaimer/Contradictions	10
4	Question	6
5	Repetition	8
6	Persuasion	13
7	Self-correction	5
8	Different topics/message ignorance	4
9	Interstitial	8
10	Delay	6
11	Literal translation	4
12	Language changes	4
13	Imagination	5
14	Modesty	4
15	Paraphrasing	4
16	Ask for help	4